Loss aversion vs risk aversion - risk aversion in decision making

Loss Aversion vs Risk Aversion

You've heard both terms, but do you know the difference?

This post considers risk aversion vs loss aversion. Now that we understand framing, we can look at the impact of framing different decisions as either a gain or a loss. You’ll learn what it means to be risk averse and discover how behavioral economics and science strips that down into an incredibly powerful bias known as loss aversion. This then touches on prospect theory, the disposition effect and finally, impression management.

  1. Framed as a loss
  2. Prospect theory
  3. The disposition effect
  4. Impression management
  5. How to manage our loss aversion

Framed as a loss

If the same choice is framed as a loss, rather than as a gain, different decisions will be made. This introduces the concept of risk aversion and loss aversion. Two terms that are often thrown around when discussing our tolerance for risk. While they might sound like the same thing, they’re actually very different things. While risk aversion refers to where we value gains and losses equally, loss aversion refers to where we value losses more than gains. That’s loss aversion vs risk aversion.

Consider that you are offered the following bet. On the toss of a fair coin, if you lose you must pay $100. What is the minimum amount that you need to win in order to make this bet attractive to you?

Is it $100? $150?

Loss aversion vs risk aversion - risk aversion bias

If you choose an amount that is more than $100 you’re displaying loss averse behaviour. 

If we valued gains and losses equally (risk aversion) then we would be willing to enter the bet with a 50% chance of winning or losing $100 i.e. we’re attributing the same value to losing $100 that we would to gaining $100.

However, if you’re asking for more than $100, then you need to be compensated with a higher potential gain to justify the loss. Why? Because the losses are more painful.

Here’s another loss aversion example: Imagine that a doctor tells you that you have a 10% chance of dying, or a 90% chance of living. Statistically, there is no difference between these two statements. But you’re going to feel a lot worse if you receive the information framed in terms of you dying.

Now let’s consider being the giver of information rather than the receiver. Consider how you can use this knowledge of negative and positive framing to make good things more appealing or convincing? And using this knowledge to influence your friends and family positively?

Loss aversion vs risk aversion - loss aversion bias

Here’s another loss aversion example: Imagine that a doctor tells you that you have a 10% chance of dying, or a 90% chance of living. Statistically, there is no difference between these two statements. But you’re going to feel a lot worse if you receive the information framed in terms of you dying.

Loss aversion vs risk aversion - loss aversion bias

Now let’s consider being the giver of information rather than the receiver. Consider how you can use this knowledge of negative and positive framing to make good things more appealing or convincing? And using this knowledge to influence your friends and family positively?

A good example of this was a study of a campaign promoting breast self-examinations (BSE). Two different pamphlets were handed out to women. Pamphlet A stated: “Research shows that women who do BSE have an increased chance of finding a tumour in the early, more treatable state of the disease.” Pamphlet B stated: “Research shows that women who do not do BSE have a decreased chance of finding a tumour in the early, more treatable state of the disease.” The study showed that pamphlet B (framed as a loss) created significantly more awareness and BSE behaviour than pamphlet A (framed as a gain).

What I’m hoping I’m succeeding in showing you with all these real world examples of loss aversion vs risk aversion is that we make decisions based on the value of potential losses and gains, rather than the outcome.

Prospect theory

For those that understand things better with pictures, the following graph explains a theory known as prospect theory. It was developed by Nobel Laureate and behavioral economist Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.

   Prospect theory 

The horizontal axis measures the value of our gain and loss, whilst the vertical axis measures how we value that gain or loss.

Looking at the horizontal line (shown as y) on the right-hand side of the graph, it shows the objective value of a certain gain. The vertical arrow pointing upwards reflects the subjective value we attach to this gain. The observation to take note of is that the subjective value we place is less than the actual objective gain.

Looking at the other horizontal arrow (measured at the same value, i.e. y) on the left-hand side of the graph, it shows the same value, but this time as a loss. The vertical arrow pointing downwards is longer than the horizontal arrow, showing that the subjective value we attach to this loss is much larger than the actual loss itself.

If a gain or a loss, was $100 it shows that we place a larger value on a loss of $100, than on a gain of $100.

Put simply, losses loom larger than gains Share on X

Loss aversion (which is what we humans experience) is an extremely complex behavioural bias in which people express both risk aversion and risk seeking behaviour. Prospect theory emphasises this by showing how we are risk-averse over gains and risk-seeking over losses, but it centers this to a set reference point or status quo (we’ll touch on status quo bias in a later blog). This reference point is subjective and can be different for different people or different scenarios.

Loss aversion

Loss aversion (which is what we humans experience) is an extremely complex behavioural bias in which people express both risk aversion and risk seeking behaviour. Prospect theory emphasises this by showing how we are risk-averse over gains and risk-seeking over losses, but it centers this to a set reference point or status quo (we’ll touch on status quo bias in a later blog). This reference point is subjective and can be different for different people or different scenarios.

Loss aversion

Even Tiger Woods suffers from this….

An experimental study was performed to measure the presence of this fundamental bias we now know as loss-aversion, in a high-stakes context: professional golfers’ performance on the PGA TOUR. As we know, golfers are scored according to the number of strokes they take during a tournament, yet each hole has a salient reference point, known as par.

1.6 million putts were analysed using precise laser measurements and it was found that golfers play better when attempting to avoid dropping a shot than when trying to gain one, when they consistently leave their shots short. In relative terms, golfers were equating a ‘bogey’ to a ‘loss’, and a ‘birdie’ to a ‘gain’.

In economic terms, this loss-aversion on the part of professional golfers was measured and found to equate to $1.2 million in tournament winnings per year.

Loss aversion vs risk aversion - loss aversion study

The disposition effect

Time to discuss the difference between risk aversion and loss aversion attitude of investors. If you’re an averse investor, you might have already heard about something referred to as the disposition effect. It’s the manifestation of loss aversion in our investing decisions. When we hold a share that has made a loss, we tend to continue holding it. But when we hold a share that has made a profit, we tend to sell it.

You’re selling the winner (the share that made a profit) but holding onto the loser (the share that’s made a loss). Can you see how that’s loss aversion? You’re being risk-averse with your gains. You’ve made that profit, you don’t want to lose it, so you sell (even though there’s the chance it could make more profit). On the other hand, you’re being risk-seeking with your losses. Even though you’ve already made a loss, you’re willing to hold on despite the chance of making further losses.

[You might need to read the above paragraph more than once. It’s a complex concept and difficult to explain, but once you get it – wow!] There’s some regret avoidance tucked in their too.

I suppose you can now appreciate why John Maynard Keynes said: “It’s hard to see how any rational man can ever invest.”

Disposition effect

You’re selling the winner (the share that made a profit) but holding onto the loser (the share that’s made a loss). Can you see how that’s loss aversion? You’re being risk-averse with your gains. You’ve made that profit, you don’t want to lose it, so you sell (even though there’s the chance it could make more profit). On the other hand, you’re being risk-seeking with your losses. Even though you’ve already made a loss, you’re willing to hold on despite the chance of making further losses.

[You might need to read the above paragraph more than once. It’s a complex concept and difficult to explain, but once you get it – wow!] There’s some regret avoidance tucked in their too.

I suppose you can now appreciate why John Maynard Keynes said: “It’s hard to see how any rational man can ever invest.”

Disposition effect

Impression management

Consider the words of 16th century political scientist, Niccolo Machiavelli: 

“

Do all the harm you must at one and the same time, that way the full extent of it will not be noticed, and it will give least offense… One should do good, on the other hand, little by little so people can fully appreciate it.

Chapter 8, The Prince
Understanding our loss aversion allows us to frame and time information in such a way so as to maximise utility. Basically, if you have bad news, give it all in one go. But if you have good news, drip feed it. Share on X

 

This is popular mechanism used in earnings announcements and there’s a whole field of study, known as impression management, which uses such subtleties to make you ‘feel better’ when reading earnings announcements and annual reports. From overloading you with information around things they don’t want you to understand, to using symbols rather than words for things they want to draw your attention to. And finally, using prospect theory and drip feeding the good news throughout the report so that you almost forget about the bad news that was 20 pages earlier. I’m not saying this practice is wrong. I’m saying it’s clever. But I’m also saying that as consumers, we need to be aware of it.

Furthermore, the understanding of loss aversion shouldn’t be limited to impression management. If as a company you pay out bonuses once a year – consider taking that same bonus and dividing it up into smaller mini-bonuses throughout the year. Prospect theory tells us this practice will maximise the utility received by employees.

How to manage our loss aversion

To summarise, prospective losses bother individuals much more than prospective gains. That’s what differentiates loss aversion vs risk aversion. Therefore, the choices we make are often based on the subjective version of a situation, rather than the objective reality. We should be mindful of this and always differentiate between price and value. Make decisions based on the intrinsic value of the transaction.

Loss aversion vs risk aversionUnderstanding the power of how information is displayed to you can really help you when it comes to future financial decisions. A good example of a product designed to take advantage of the behaviours attached to loss aversion are insurance policies. If we are loss-averse and make decisions to avoid potential losses, then insurance products are perfect for us. They are designed to highlight the potential loss. This then creates the anchor pushing us to choose the option that avoids such losses.

On the flipside, you can also use this understanding when you’re trying to convince someone of something. Don’t focus on the advantages, rather highlight how it well help them avoid the disadvantages. As an example, if you’re wanting to convince someone that being an alcoholic is bad, don’t tell them that if they stop drinking they could get a better job and earn more money. Rather, tell them that they could lose their spouse and children.

To summarise, prospective losses bother individuals much more than prospective gains. That’s what differentiates loss aversion vs risk aversion. Therefore, the choices we make are often based on the subjective version of a situation, rather than the objective reality. We should be mindful of this and always differentiate between price and value. Make decisions based on the intrinsic value of the transaction.

Understanding the power of how information is displayed to you can really help you when it comes to future financial decisions. A good example of a product designed to take advantage of the behaviours attached to loss aversion are insurance policies. If we are loss-averse and make decisions to avoid potential losses, then insurance products are perfect for us. They are designed to highlight the potential loss. This then creates the anchor pushing us to choose the option that avoids such losses.

Insurance

On the flipside, you can also use this understanding when you’re trying to convince someone of something. Don’t focus on the advantages, rather highlight how it well help them avoid the disadvantages. As an example, if you’re wanting to convince someone that being an alcoholic is bad, don’t tell them that if they stop drinking they could get a better job and earn more money. Rather, tell them that they could lose their spouse and children.

Want to pin this post for later?

  • Loss aversion vs risk aversion - behavioral biases avoid losses
  • Loss aversion vs risk aversion - behavioral decision
  • Loss aversion vs risk aversion - loss aversion ratio
  • Prospect theory - loss aversion economics
  • Loss aversion vs gain
  • Loss aversion - risk aversion example
  • Disposition effect - regret aversion vs loss aversion
  • Prospect theory - risk aversion psychology example
  • Impression management group
  • Insurance - aversion disorder

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More in this series on behavioural biases

In case you missed it, see our previous posts in this series:
  • Heuristics and biases in decision making – This was the first post in the series which shares some behavioural economics research. Specifically, the heuristics and biases that influence our relationship with money. It uses System 1 and System 2 thinking examples from Daniel Kahneman’s New York Times best selling book, Thinking Fast and Slow, to help us be more conscious of the workings of our brain. 
  • Mirror, mirror, on the wall, stop telling me I’m wonderful – This post focuses on the impact of overconfidence bias in decision making. It introduces the illusion of knowledge bias and the illusion of control bias to illustrate the difference between confidence and carelessness. It also discusses the better than average effect, the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. You’ll learn how to confront some unpalatable truths and get out of any false sense of comfort (if you’re up for the challenge?).
  • Why you can’t argue with a vegan – Ballsy title, we know. But if you read the post you’ll (hopefully) understand why. We’ll be discussing confirmation bias. It’s one of those psychological biases that you can see everywhere. We’ll also touch on cognitive dissonance theory. We all struggle with these biases. They’re both humorous and serious. But because of that, it’s useful to know how to avoid confirmation bias when you need to.
  • Size does matter… when it comes to framing – This post uses framing effect examples to show how framing bias influences the way we interpret information and make decisions. We discuss glossing, the compromise effect, and how the size of the frame can influence the volatility of your investment portfolio.
Or if you want to jump ahead...
  • Anchors pulling you down? – Anchoring bias is a straightforward behavioural bias that causes us to focus on a certain initial value and then make decisions with reference to it. This post looks at some examples of this anchoring effect.
  • The danger of the default – Default options nudge us to make better decisions. The option of opting out also respects freedom of choice. This post unpacks this notion of libertarian paternalism and the perils of status quo bias.
  • Regret, it’s not a nice feeling – Regret influences the decisions we make and pushes us to conform to social norms. Examples of regret avoidance show us how this makes complete sense yet no sense at all.
  • When the past influences the future – The Concorde effect is a famous example of sunk cost investment. Too often we invest time, money and energy into something we should’ve just abandoned. This post looks at some examples of how sunk cost fallacy affects our human decision processes.
  • What’s mine is more valuable – In this post, you’ll learn why you place extra value on things you own. The endowment effect has implications for our investment portfolio, bonuses and consumer behaviour.
  • How to improve self-control – Self-control is an essential life skill. It’s what separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. Learn how to improve self-control to achieve your long-term goals.
  • Procrastination is the enemy of success – We know procrastination is the enemy of success. But while it looks like laziness, it’s often just mental exhaustion at play. Learn how to overcome procrastination.
  • The problem with wanting it now – When you delay instant gratification, you will experience long-term satisfaction. It’s the hyperbolic vs exponential discounting debate. Don’t let present bias win!
  • The power of first impressions – The order of information influences your decisions. First impressions matter! It’s all got to do with primacy and recency effects.
  • Learn to deal with uncertainty – Risk and uncertainty will always surround us. Gambler’s Fallacy, the hot-hand effect, the law of small numbers & ambiguity aversion are just some of the biases that arise because of it.
  • Stop stereotyping – Representativeness heuristic refers to the fact that we stereotype. It’s a mental shortcut. But beware of making unfounded comparisons.
  • Mental Accounting – Money is money! Or is it? Mental accounting says we place different values on different money which leads to irrational decision making.
  • Money Illusion– Money illusion is a sneaky bias. It causes us to focus on the amount of money in our hands, rather than it’s purchasing power.
  • Home bias – We invest close to home and in what we know. But this lack of diversification results in missed opportunities. Say hello to ‘home bias’.

Do you now know the difference between loss aversion and risk aversion?

Do you sell winners and hold onto losers?

Do you make decisions based on the potential loss?

Let us know in the comments below.

Is loss aversion impacting your decisions?

Want to learn how to manage this bias better?
Get in touch

Do you now know the difference between loss aversion and risk aversion?

Do you sell winners and hold onto losers?

Do you make decisions based on the potential loss?

Let us know in the comments below.

Is loss aversion impacting your decisions?

Want to learn how to manage this bias better?
Get in touch

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I am passionate about helping people understand their behaviour with money and gently nudging them to spend less and save more. I have several academic journal publications on investor behaviour, financial literacy and personal finance, and perfectly understand the biases that influence how we manage our money. This blog is where I break down those ideas and share my thinking. I’ll try to cover relevant topics that my readers bring to my attention. Please read, share, and comment. That’s how we spread knowledge and help both ourselves and others to become in control of our financial situations.

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1 Response
  1. Alonzo Lacks
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    Have you ever considered publishing an e-book or guest authoring on other blogs? I have a blog based upon on the same subjects you discuss and would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my visitors would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to shoot me an email. Alonzo Lacks

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About the Author

I am passionate about helping people understand their behaviour with money and gently nudging them to spend less and save more. I have several academic journal publications on investor behaviour, financial literacy and personal finance, and perfectly understand the biases that influence how we manage our money. This blog is where I break down those ideas and share my thinking. I’ll try to cover relevant topics that my readers bring to my attention. Please read, share, and comment. That’s how we spread knowledge and help both ourselves and others to become in control of our financial situations.

Dr Gizelle Willows


Dr Gizelle Willows

 

PhD and NRF-rating in Behavioural Finance